While control and eradication of these diseases would benefit from new, improved vaccines, there are many other social, economic and political research aspects that need to be addressed, but our focus in this article is the search for new and better vaccines. Scientists from the research community reviewed the current knowledge on CBPP and CCPP as well as other mycoplasma discovery research projects to identify research gaps and agree recommendations at a workshop in Switzerland ( Supplementary Notes). New vaccines for these diseases must not only be safe and efficacious, but also cost-effective, scaleable and accessible to smallholder farmers and this should underpin rational vaccine design. Vaccination-related control strategies have been hampered by variable safety and efficacy of the vaccines and there is an urgent need for an improved vaccine for both diseases. Reasons for failure to control the diseases are diverse covering social, economic, and political issues. Control methods such as movement restrictions, quarantine, antibiotic treatment, and vaccination have had varying success. 1 and Supplementary Figure) over the last 10 years suggests that there has not been any progress towards control of CBPP and CCPP, especially on the African continent. Nevertheless, prevalence data retrieved from the OIE specific WAHID interface (Fig. Given the passive surveillance approaches, limited resources, and limited diagnostic capacity in many parts of Africa and Asia, the current prevalence figures are probably an underestimate. The current World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) prescribed diagnostic tests (cELISA, CFT) are fit-for-purpose at the herd level but are far from being optimal at the individual level. CBPP and CCPP are diseases that require precise diagnostic procedures in order to be detected. Several surveys have ranked CBPP and CCPP constantly among the top five ruminant diseases for stakeholders across a range of livestock industry sectors. The adverse affects on productivity include a reduction in milk production, daily weight gain, draft power, and fertility among others. Death rates are much higher for CCPP than for CBPP, however, increased mortality rates are associated with CBPP when infected cattle are introduced into naive herds 1. Pleuropneumonia is a very painful clinical state that is associated with reduced productivity, and, in its most dramatic outcome, death. We highlight research gaps and provide recommendations towards developing safer and more efficacious vaccines against CBPP and CCPP.Ĭontagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are important transboundary diseases of cattle and goats especially in low and middle-income countries. Therefore, we scrutinized the current vaccines as well as the challenge-, pathogenicity- and immunity models. In this article the research community prioritized biomedical research needs related to challenge models, rational vaccine design and protective immune responses. Both of these vaccines have many limitations, so better vaccines are urgently needed to improve disease control. The current vaccines used for disease control consist of a live attenuated CBPP vaccine and a bacterin vaccine for CCPP, which were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. The causative agents of CBPP and CCPP are Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, respectively, which have been eradicated in most of the developed world. Beyond their obvious impact on animal health, CBPP and CCPP negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of a substantial proportion of livestock-dependent people affecting their culture, economy, trade and nutrition. In contrast with the limited pathology in the respiratory tract of humans infected with mycoplasmas, CBPP and CCPP are devastating diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are major infectious diseases of ruminants caused by mycoplasmas in Africa and Asia.
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